Coating material for cathode active material in lithium batteries

ABSTRACT

A lithium battery comprises cathode active material comprising particles of a transition metal oxide, each particle coated in an ion-conducting material that has an electrochemical stability window against lithium of at least 2.2 V, a lowest electrochemical stability being less than 2.0 V and a highest electrochemical stability being greater than 4.2 V, the ion-conducting material selected from the group consisting of: Cs2LiCl3; Cs2LiCrF6; Cs2LiDyCl6; Cs2LiErCl6; Cs2LiGdCl6; Cs2LiLuCl6; Cs2LiNdCl6; Cs2LiPrCl6; Cs2LiScCl6; Cs2LiSmCl6; Cs2LiTbCl6; Cs2LiTmCl6; Cs2LiYCl6; Cs3Li2Cl5; Cs3LiCl4; CsLi2Cl3; CsLi3Cl4; CsLiBeF4; CsLiCl2; K10LiZr6H4O2F35; K2LiCeCl6; K2LiDyCl6; K2LiGdCl6; K2LiLaCl6; K2LiPrCl6; K2LiTbCl6; KLiDyF5; KLiErF5; KLiGdF5; KLiHoF5; KLiLuF5; KLiPH2O4F; KLiTbF5; KLiTmF5; KLiYF5; Li10Mg7Cl24; Li2B3O4F3; Li2B6O9F2; Li2BeCl4; Li2BF5; Li2CaHfF8; Li2MgCl4; Li2SiF6; Li2Ta2(OF2)3; Li2ZnCl4; Li2ZrF6; Li3AlF6; Li3ErCl6; Li3ScCl6; Li3ScF6; Li3ThF7; Li3YF6; Li4Be3P3BrO12; Li4Be3P3ClO12; Li4ZrF8; Li6ZrBeF12; Li9Mg3P4O16F3; LiAlCl4; LiB6O9F; LiBF4; LiGdCl4; LiLuF4; LiScF4; LiTaF6; LiThF5; LiYF4; LiZr5T1F22; Na3Li3Al2F12; NaLi2AlF6; NaLiBeF4; NaLiMgPO4F; Rb2LiCeCl6; Rb2LiDyCl6; Rb2LiErCl6; Rb2LiGdCl6; Rb2LiLaCl6; Rb2LiLuCl6; Rb2LiPrCl6; Rb2LiScCl6; Rb2LiTbCl6; Rb2LiYCl6; RbLi2Be2F7; RbLiCl2; and RbLiF2.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to lithium batteries having cathode activematerial coated in one or more materials possessing high ionicconductivity and stability against lithium.

BACKGROUND

Advances have been made toward high energy density batteries, usinglithium metal as the anode material, including both lithium ionbatteries and all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs). Discovery of newmaterials and the relationship between their structure, composition,properties, and performance have advanced the field. However, even withthese advances, batteries remain limited by the underlying choice ofmaterials and electrochemistry. Among the components in both lithium ionand ASSBs, the cathode active material may limit the energy density anddominate the battery cost.

SUMMARY

Disclosed herein are implementations of a cathode material for a lithiumbattery and lithium-ion batteries and ASSBs including the cathodematerial.

One embodiment of a lithium battery comprises an anode comprisinglithium, an electrolyte, and a cathode comprising cathode activematerial. The cathode active material comprises particles of atransition metal oxide, each particle coated in an ion-conductingmaterial that has an electrochemical stability window against lithium ofat least 2.2 V, a lowest electrochemical stability being less than 2.0 Vand a highest electrochemical stability being greater than 4.2 V, theion-conducting material selected from the group consisting of: Cs₂LiCl₃;Cs₂LiCrF₆; Cs₂LiDyCl₆; Cs₂LiErCl₆; Cs₂LiGdCl₆; Cs₂LiLuCl₆; Cs₂LiNdCl₆;Cs₂LiPrCl₆; Cs₂LiScCl₆; Cs₂LiSmCl₆; Cs₂LiTbCl₆; Cs₂LiTmCl₆; Cs₂LiYCl₆;Cs₃Li₂Cl₅; Cs₃LiCl₄; CsLi₂Cl₃; CsLi₃Cl₄; CsLiBeF₄; CsLiCl₂;K₁₀LiZr₆H₄O₂F₃₅; K₂LiCeCl₆; K₂LiDyCl₆; K₂LiGdCl₆; K₂LiLaCl₆; K₂LiPrCl₆;K₂LiTbCl₆; KLiDyF₅; KLiErF₅; KLiGdF₅; KLiHoF₅; KLiLuF₅; KLiPH₂O₄F;KLiTbF₅; KLiTmF₅; KLiYF₅; Li₁₀Mg₇Cl₂₄; Li₂B₃O₄F₃; Li₂B₆O₉F₂; Li₂BeCl₄;Li₂BF₅; Li₂CaHfF₈; Li₂MgCl₄; Li₂SiF₆; Li₂Ta₂(OF₂)₃; Li₂ZnCl₄; Li₂ZrF₆;Li₃AlF₆; Li₃ErCl₆; Li₃ScCl₆; Li₃ScF₆; Li₃ThF₇; Li₃YF₆; Li₄Be₃P₃BrO₁₂;Li₄Be₃P₃ClO₁₂; Li₄ZrF₈; Li₆ZrBeF₁₂; Li₉Mg₃P₄O₁₆F₃; LiAlCl₄; LiB₆O₉F;LiBF₄; LiGdCl₄; LiLuF₄; LiScF₄; LiTaF₆; LiThF₅; LiYF₄; LiZr₅T₁F₂₂;Na₃Li₃Al₂F₁₂; NaLi₂AlF₆; NaLiBeF₄; NaLiMgPO₄F; Rb₂LiCeCl₆; Rb₂LiDyCl₆;Rb₂LiErCl₆; Rb₂LiGdCl₆; Rb₂LiLaCl₆; Rb₂LiLuCl₆; Rb₂LiPrCl₆; Rb₂LiScCl₆;Rb₂LiTbCl₁₆; Rb₂LiYCl₆; RbLi₂Be₂F₇; RbLiCl₂; and RbLiF₂.

Another embodiment of a lithium battery as disclosed herein is anall-solid-state battery comprising a lithium-metal based anode, a solidelectrolyte, and a cathode comprising a transition metal oxide activematerial coated in an ion-conducting material that has anelectrochemical stability window against lithium of at least 2.2 V, alowest electrochemical stability being less than 2.0 V and a highestelectrochemical stability being greater than 4.2 V, the ion-conductingmaterial selected from the group consisting of: Cs₂LiCl₃; Cs₂LiCrF₆;Cs₂LiDyCl₆; Cs₂LiErCl₆; Cs₂LiGdCl₆; Cs₂LiLuCl₆; Cs₂LiNdCl₆; Cs₂LiPrCl₆;Cs₂LiScCl₆; Cs₂LiSmCl₆; Cs₂LiTbCl₆; Cs₂LiTmCl₆; Cs₂LiYCl₆; Cs₃Li₂Cl₅;Cs₃LiCl₄; CsLi₂Cl₃; CsLi₃Cl₄; CsLiBeF₄; CsLiCl₂; K₁₀LiZr₆H₄O₂F₃₅;K₂LiCeCl₆; K₂LiDyCl₆; K₂LiGdCl₆; K₂LiLaCl₆; K₂LiPrCl₆; K₂LiTbCl₆;KLiDyF₅; KLiErF₅; KLiGdF₅; KLiHoF₅; KLiLuF₅; KLiPH₂O₄F; KLiTbF₅;KLiTmF₅; KLiYF₅; Li₁₀Mg₇Cl₂₄; Li₂B₃O₄F₃; Li₂B₆O₉F₂; Li₂BeCl₄; Li₂BF₅;Li₂CaHfF₈; Li₂MgCl₄; Li₂SiF₆; Li₂Ta₂(OF₂)₃; Li₂ZnCl₄; Li₂ZrF₆; Li₃AlF₆;Li₃ErCl₆; Li₃ScCl₆; Li₃ScF₆; Li₃ThF₇; Li₃YF₆; Li₄Be₃P₃BrO₁₂;Li₄Be₃P₃ClO₁₂; Li₄ZrF₈; Li₆ZrBeF₁₂; Li₉Mg₃P₄O₁₆F₃; LiAlCl₄; LiB₆O₉F;LiBF₄; LiGdCl₄; LiLuF₄; LiScF₄; LiTaF₆; LiThF₅; LiYF₄; LiZr₅T₁F₂₂;Na₃Li₃Al₂F₁₂; NaLi₂AlF₆; NaLiBeF₄; NaLiMgPO₄F; Rb₂LiCeCl₆; Rb₂LiDyCl₆;Rb₂LiErCl₆; Rb₂LiGdCl₆; Rb₂LiLaCl₆; Rb₂LiLuCl₆; Rb₂LiPrCl₆; Rb₂LiScCl₆;Rb₂LiTbCl₆; Rb₂LiYCl₆; RbLi₂Be₂F₇; RbLiCl₂; and RbLiF₂.

An embodiment of a cathode for a lithium battery comprises activecathode material particles and a coating on the active cathode materialparticles. The coating comprises an ion-conducting material, theion-conducting material having an electrochemical stability windowagainst lithium of at least 2.2 V, a lowest electrochemical stabilitybeing less than 2.0 V and a highest electrochemical stability beinggreater than 4.2 V, the ion-conducting material comprising one or moreof: Cs₂LiCl₃; Cs₂LiCrF₆; Cs₂LiDyCl₆; Cs₂LiErCl₆; Cs₂LiGdCl₆; Cs₂LiLuCl₆;Cs₂LiNdCl₆; Cs₂LiPrCl₆; Cs₂LiScCl₆; Cs₂LiSmCl₆; Cs₂LiTbCl₆; Cs₂LiTmCl₆;Cs₂LiYCl₆; Cs₃Li₂Cl₅; Cs₃LiCl₄; CsLi₂Cl₃; CsLi₃Cl₄; CsLiBeF₄; CsLiCl₂;K₁₀LiZr₆H₄O₂F₃₅; K₂LiCeCl₆; K₂LiDyCl₆; K₂LiGdCl₆; K₂LiLaCl₆; K₂LiPrCl₆;K₂LiTbCl₆; KLiDyF₅; KLiErF₅; KLiGdF₅; KLiHoF₅; KLiLuF₅; KLiPH₂O₄F;KLiTbF₅; KLiTmF₅; KLiYF₅; Li₁₀Mg₇Cl₂₄; Li₂B₃O₄F₃; Li₂B₆O₉F₂; Li₂BeCl₄;Li₂BF₅; Li₂CaHfF₈; Li₂MgCl₄; Li₂SiF₆; Li₂Ta₂(OF₂)₃; Li₂ZnCl₄; Li₂ZrF₆;Li₃AlF₆; Li₃ErCl₆; Li₃ScCl₆; Li₃ScF₆; Li₃ThF₇; Li₃YF₆; Li₄Be₃P₃BrO₁₂;Li₄Be₃P₃ClO₁₂; Li₄ZrF₈; Li₆ZrBeF₁₂; Li₉Mg₃P₄O₁₆F₃; LiAlCl₄; LiB₆O₉F;LiBF₄; LiGdCl₄; LiLuF₄; LiScF₄; LiTaF₆; LiThF₅; LiYF₄; LiZr₅T₁F₂₂;Na₃Li₃Al₂F₁₂; NaLi₂AlF₆; NaLiBeF₄; NaLiMgPO₄F; Rb₂LiCeCl₆; Rb₂LiDyCl₆;Rb₂LiErCl₆; Rb₂LiGdCl₆; Rb₂LiLaCl₆; Rb₂LiLuCl₆; Rb₂LiPrCl₆; Rb₂LiScCl₆;Rb₂LiTbCl₆; Rb₂LiYCl₆; RbLi₂Be₂F₇; RbLiCl₂; and RbLiF₂.

In any of the embodiments herein, the electrochemical stability windowagainst lithium of the ion-conducting material can be at least 2.8 V andthe highest electrochemical stability is greater than 4.8 V, theion-conducting material selected from the group consisting of:Cs₂LiCrF₆; Cs₂LiLuCl₆; CsLiBeF₄; KLiDyF₅; KLiErF₅; KLiGdF₅; KLiHoF₅;KLiLuF₅; KLiTbF₅; KLiTmF₅; KLiYF₅; Li₂BF₅; Li₂CaHfF₈; Li₂SiF₆; Li₂ZrF₆;Li₂Ta₂(OF₂)₃; Li₃AlF₆; Li₃ScF₆; Li₃YF₆; Li₃ThF₇; Li₄ZrF₈; Li₆ZrBeF₁₂;LiB₆O₉F; LiBF₄; LiLuF₄; LiScF₄; LiYF₄; LiThF₅; LiTaF₆; LiZr₅TlF₂₂;Na₃Li₃Al₂F₁₂; NaLi₂AlF₆; NaLiBeF₄; RbLi₂Be2F₇; and RbLiF₂.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosure is best understood from the following detaileddescription when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Itis emphasized that, according to common practice, the various featuresof the drawings are not to-scale. On the contrary, the dimensions of thevarious features are arbitrarily expanded or reduced for clarity.

FIG. 1 is a cross-section schematic view of a lithium battery cell asdisclosed herein.

FIG. 2 is a cross-section schematic view of a coated cathode activematerial particle.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A battery's voltage and capacity, and thus the battery's output, can beoptimized by, at least in part, increasing the potential differencebetween the anode and cathode, reducing the mass and volume of activematerial necessary, and reducing consumption of the electrolyte byreducing oxidation or reduction reactions.

For lithium batteries, electrode materials are those that reversiblyinsert ions through ion-conductive, crystalline materials. Conventionalcathode active material consists of a transition metal oxide, whichundergoes low-volume expansion and contraction during lithiation anddelithiation. The anode active material can be lithium metal, the lowdensity of lithium metal producing a much higher specific capacity thantraditional graphite anode active material.

To improve battery performance, one area of focus is on identifyinghigher-capacity cathode materials with increased lithium ionconductivity, reversibly exchanging lithium ions quickly at higherpotentials.

Disclosed herein are cathodes comprising cathode active material coatedwith an ion-conducting material selected based on the following materialcharacteristics: ionic migration; a wide electrochemical stabilitywindow against lithium; stability against lithium metal; and inertnessto environmental elements like water and air. Rather than focusing onalternative cathode active materials themselves, the cathode coatingmaterials herein focus on improving the performance of cathode activematerials in lithium batteries using lithium metal anodes, and inparticular transition metal oxide-based cathode active materials.

A lithium battery cell 100 is illustrated schematically in cross-sectionin FIG. 1 . The lithium battery cell 100 of FIG. 1 is configured as alayered battery cell that includes as active layers a cathode activematerial layer 102 as described herein, an electrolyte 104, and an anodeactive material layer 106. In some embodiments, such as lithiumbatteries using a liquid or gel electrolyte, the lithium battery cell100 may include a separator interposed between the cathode compositelayer 102 and the anode active material layer 106. In addition to theactive layers, the lithium battery cell 100 of FIG. 1 may include acathode current collector 108 and an anode current collector 110,configured such that the active layers are interposed between the anodecurrent collector 110 and the cathode current collector 108. In such aconfiguration, the cathode current collector 108 is adjacent to thecathode composite layer 102, and the anode current collector 110 isadjacent to the anode active material layer 106. A lithium battery canbe comprised of multiple lithium battery cells 100.

The anode active material in the anode active material layer 106 can bea layer of elemental lithium metal, a layer of a lithium compound(s) ora layer of doped lithium. The anode current collector 110 can be, as anon-limiting example, a sheet or foil of copper, nickel, a copper-nickelalloy, carbon paper, or graphene paper.

In lithium ion batteries, the electrolyte 104 may include a liquidelectrolyte, a polymer ionic liquid, a gel electrolyte, or a combinationthereof. The electrolyte can be an ionic liquid-based electrolyte mixedwith a lithium salt. The ionic liquid may be, for example, at least oneselected from N-Propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(flurosulfonyl)imide,N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide,N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide,1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. The saltcan be or include, for example, a fluorosulfonyl (FS0) group, e.g.,lithium bisfluorosulfonylimide (LiN(FS0₂)₂, (LiFSI), LiN(FS0₂)₂,LiN(FS0₂)(CF₃S0₂), LiN(FS0₂)(C₂F₅S0₂). In some embodiments, theelectrolyte is or includes a cyclic carbonate (e.g., ethylene carbonate(EC) or propylene carbonate, a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran(THF) or tetrahydropyran (TH), a glyme such as dimethoxyethane (DME) ordiethoxyethane, an ether such as diethylether (DEE) or methylbutylether(MBE), their derivatives, and any combinations and mixtures thereof.Where a separator is used, such as with a liquid or gel electrolyte, theseparator can be a polyolefine or a polyethylene, as non-limitingexamples.

In ASSBs, the electrolyte 104 is solid. The solid electrolyte can be, asnon-limiting examples, sulfide compounds (e.g. Argyrodite, LGPS, LPS,etc.), garnet structure oxides (e.g. LLZO with various dopants),NASICON-type phosphate glass ceramics (LAGP), oxynitrides (e.g. lithiumphosphorus oxynitride or LIPON), and polymers (PEO).

The cathode current collector 108 can be, as a non-limiting example, analuminum sheet or foil, carbon paper or graphene paper.

The cathode active material layer 102 has cathode active material coatedwith one or more of the ion-conducting materials disclosed herein. Thecathode active material can include one or more lithium transition metaloxides and lithium transition metal phosphates which can be bondedtogether using binders and optionally conductive fillers such as carbonblack. Lithium transition metal oxides and lithium transition metalphosphates can include, but are not limited to, LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂,LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O₂, LiMnO₂, Li(Ni_(0.5)Mn_(0.5))O₂,LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O₂, Spinel Li₂Mn₂O₄, LiFePO₄ and other polyanioncompounds, and other olivine structures including LiMnPO₄, LiCoPO₄,LiNi_(0.5)Co_(0.5)PO₄, and LiMn_(0.33)Fe_(0.33)Co_(0.33)PO₄.

The cathode active material layer 102 comprises coated active materialparticles 200 as depicted schematically in FIG. 2 . The coated cathodeactive material particles 200 are particles of cathode active material202 coated in one or more ion-conducting material 204. Theion-conducting material is selected from the group consisting of:BaLi(B₃O₅)₃; Cs₂LiCl₃; Cs₂LiCrF₆; Cs₂LiDyCl₆; Cs₂LiErCl₆; Cs₂LiGdCl₆;Cs₂LiLuCl₆; Cs₂LiNdCl₆; Cs₂LiPrCl₆; Cs₂LiScCl₆; Cs₂LiSmCl₆; Cs₂LiTbCl₆;Cs₂LiTmCl₆; Cs₂LiYCl₆; Cs₃Li₂Cl₅; Cs₃LiCl₄; CsLi(B₃O₅)₂; CsLi₂Cl₃;CsLi₃Cl₄; CsLiBeF₄; CsLiCl₂; CsLiSO₄; K₁₀LiZr₆H₄O₂F₃₅; K₂LiCeCl₆;K₂LiDyCl₆; K₂LiGdCl₆; K₂LiLaCl₆; K₂LiPrCl₆; K₂LiTbCl₆; KLiDyF₅; KLiErF₅;KLiGdF₅; KLiHoF₅; KLiLuF₅; KLiPH₂O₄F; KLiTbF₅; KLiTmF₅; KLiYF₅;Li₁₀Mg₇Cl₂₄; Li₂B₃O₄F₃; Li₂B₆O₉F₂; Li₂BeCl₄; Li₂BF₅; Li₂CaHfF₈;Li₂H₂SO₅; Li₂MgCl₄; Li₂SiF₆; Li₂SO₄; Li₂Ta₂(OF₂)₃; Li₂ZnCl₄; Li₂ZrF₆;Li₃AlF₆; Li₃ErCl₆; Li₃PO₄; Li₃Sc₂(PO₄)₃; Li₃ScCl₆; Li₃ScF₆; Li₃ThF₇;Li₃YF₆; Li₄Be₃P₃BrO₁₂; Li₄Be₃P₃ClO₁₂; Li₄ZrF₈; Li₆ZrBeF₁₂;Li₉Mg₃P₄O₁₆F₃; LiAlCl₄; LiB₆O₉F; LiBF₄; LiGdCl₄; LiLuF₄; LiScF₄; LiTaF₆;LiThF₅; LiYF₄; LiZr₅T₁F₂₂; Na₃Li₃Al₂F₁₂; NaLi₂AlF₆; NaLiBeF₄;NaLiMgPO₄F; Rb₂LiAsO₄; Rb₂LiCeCl₆; Rb₂LiDyCl₆; Rb₂LiErCl₆; Rb₂LiGdCl₆;Rb₂LiLaCl₆; Rb₂LiLuCl₆; Rb₂LiPrCl₆; Rb₂LiScCl₆; Rb₂LiTbCl₆; Rb₂LiYCl₆;RbLi₂Be₂F₇; RbLiCl₂; RbLiF₂; and SrLi(B₃O₅)₃.

The group of ion-conducting material meet the following criteria. Eachhas an electrochemical stability window against lithium of 2.2 V orwider, with a lowest electrochemical stability being less than 2.0 V anda highest electrochemical stability being greater than 4.2 V. Each isstable with lithium. Each has an estimated lithium ion migration energyof under 1.0 eV.

In another aspect, the ion-conducting material is selected from thegroup consisting of: Cs₂LiCl₃; Cs₂LiCrF₆; Cs₂LiDyCl₆; Cs₂LiErCl₆;Cs₂LiGdCl₆; Cs₂LiLuCl₆; Cs₂LiNdCl₆; Cs₂LiPrCl₆; Cs₂LiScCl₆; Cs₂LiSmCl₆;Cs₂LiTbCl₆; Cs₂LiTmCl₆; Cs₂LiYCl₆; Cs₃Li₂Cl₅; Cs₃LiCl₄; CsLi₂Cl₃;CsLi₃Cl₄; CsLiBeF₄; CsLiCl₂; K₁₀LiZr₆H₄O₂F₃₅; K₂LiCeCl₆; K₂LiDyCl₆;K₂LiGdCl₆; K₂LiLaCl₆; K₂LiPrCl₆; K₂LiTbCl₆; KLiDyF₅; KLiErF₅; KLiGdF₅;KLiHoF₅; KLiLuF₅; KLiPH₂O₄F; KLiTbF₅; KLiTmF₅; KLiYF₅; Li₁₀Mg₇Cl₂₄;Li₂B₃O₄F₃; Li₂B₆O₉F₂; Li₂BeCl₄; Li₂BF₅; Li₂CaHfF₈; Li₂MgCl₄; Li₂SiF₆;Li₂Ta₂(OF₂)₃; Li₂ZnCl₄; Li₂ZrF₆; Li₃AlF₆; Li₃ErCl₆; Li₃ScCl₆; Li₃ScF₆;Li₃ThF₇; Li₃YF₆; Li₄Be₃P₃BrO₁₂; Li₄Be₃P₃ClO₁₂; Li₄ZrF₈; Li₆ZrBeF₁₂;Li₉Mg₃P₄O₁₆F₃; LiAlCl₄; LiB₆O₉F; LiBF₄; LiGdCl₄; LiLuF₄; LiScF₄; LiTaF₆;LiThF₅; LiYF₄; LiZr₅T₁F₂₂; Na₃Li₃Al₂F₁₂; NaLi₂AlF₆; NaLiBeF₄;NaLiMgPO₄F; Rb₂LiCeCl₆; Rb₂LiDyCl₆; Rb₂LiErCl₆; Rb₂LiGdCl₆; Rb₂LiLaCl₆;Rb₂LiLuCl₆; Rb₂LiPrCl₆; Rb₂LiScCl₆; Rb₂LiTbCl₆; Rb₂LiYCl₆; RbLi₂Be₂F₇;RbLiCl₂; and RbLiF₂. Each has an electrochemical stability windowagainst lithium of 2.2 V or wider, with a lowest electrochemicalstability being less than 2.0 V and a highest electrochemical stabilitybeing greater than 4.2 V. Each is stable with lithium. Each has anestimated lithium ion migration energy of under 1.0 eV. In addition,each material in this group has a halogen component. It is contemplatedthat the halogen component enables fast ion shuttling and stableelectrode/electrolyte interfaces.

The electrochemical stability window of a material is the voltage rangein which it is neither oxidized nor reduced. It is measured bysubtracting the reduction potential from the oxidation potential. Thegrand potential phase diagram approach using the density-functionaltheory (DFT) was used to calculate the electrochemical stability windowof materials against lithium. Lithium grand potential phase diagramsrepresent phase equilibria that are open to lithium, which is relevantwhen the material is in contact with a reservoir of lithium. Theelectrochemical stability window of a material is the voltage range inwhich no lithiation or delithiation occurs, i.e. where lithium uptake iszero. The ion-conducting materials herein each has an electrochemicalstability window against lithium of 2.0 V or wider, with a lowestelectrochemical stability being less than 2.0 V and a highestelectrochemical stability being greater than 4.2 V. The values of thelowest electrochemical stability (2.0 V) and the highest electrochemicalstability (4.2 V) are used to represent the operating range of a typicalcathode using a transition metal oxide-based cathode active material.

Ionic conductivity is the property most often used to study ionicmigration in solids. The ionic conductivity of a solid measures howeasily an ion can move from one site to another through defects in thecrystal lattice. While ionic conductivity clearly depends on the crystalstructure, it is also influenced by the microstructure that emerges fromthe processing of the solid. To work with a material property that isindependent of processing conditions, lithium ion migration energy,i.e., the lithium ion migration barrier, is used as a measure of theionic migration of lithium compounds.

The 1D barrier measures the lowest energy required by a diffusionspecies to hop between two opposite faces of a unit cell, in any one ofthe three directions. The 2D barrier and 3D barrier, correspondingly,measure the lowest energies required to hop between opposite faces inany two or all three directions, respectively. The 1D barrier≤2Dbarrier≤3D barrier for all solids. The lowest activation energy requiredto connect every point on the pathway is the 3D migration barrier, andit can provide a quantitative measure of the maximum achievable ionicconductivity. The 1D, 2D, and 3D migration barriers, in general, dependon the dimensionality of the pathway available for lithium conduction ina material. For isotropic materials, where conduction is equally fast inall three dimensions, the three barriers are similar. In such cases, the3D barrier turns out to be a good estimate of the expected ionicconductivity. In these cases, the 3D barrier is used as an effectivebarrier. However, many materials have predominant 2D conductionpathways, or in some cases, predominant 1D conduction pathways. In thesematerials, the 1D/2D barriers can be significantly smaller than the 3Dbarrier. To account for such cases, the effective barrier is set aseither the 1D barrier or the 2D barrier depending on how different theyare in magnitude. The ion-conducting materials herein have a lowmigration barrier, having an estimated migration barrier, or estimatedlithium ion migration energy, of 1.0 eV or less.

Table One includes the lowest electrochemical stability and the highestelectrochemical stability of the materials disclosed herein, along withthe estimated migration barrier of the materials.

Due to the cost and depleting reserves of cobalt, cathode activematerials with diminished mole ratios of cobalt, or no cobaltaltogether, have been developed. Nickel-rich NMC cathode activematerials often have the formula LiNi_(x)M_(1-x)O₂, where x≥0.6 andM=Mn, Co, and sometimes Al. But cycle stability is a weakness due to themany degradation mechanisms available, including irreversible structuraltransformation, thermal degradation, and formation of a cathodeelectrolyte interphase (CEI). Dissolution of manganese-ions in acidicenvironments occurs. The use of nickel alone, such as in LiNiO₂, suffersfrom severe structural degradation upon lithiation and delithiation.LiNiO₂ is reactive to the electrolyte when charged to high voltages (>4V vs Li) due to the oxidizing power of the Ni⁴⁺ in the delithiatedstate.

For at least these reasons, it is contemplated that the cathode activematerial layer with the ion-conducting material coating performs betterthan the active material alone. In addition to being excellent lithiumion conductors, it is contemplated that the ion-conducting materialimpacts the performance of transition metal oxide-based cathode activematerials, and in particular those including at least one of nickel,manganese and cobalt, as the ion-conducting materials herein surroundthe cathode active material, repressing the negative effects that aredescribed above.

When using a transition metal-oxide based cathode active material, andin particular one in which nickel, manganese or cobalt, or a combinationof two or more, is used, an ion-conducting material having anelectrochemical stability window against lithium of at least 2.8 V, alowest electrochemical stability being less than 2.0 V and a highestelectrochemical stability being greater than 4.8 V, results in furtherimproved lithium battery performance. When the cathode active materiallayer comprises a transition metal oxide, and in particular a transitionmetal oxide comprising one or more of nickel, cobalt and manganese, orconsisting of one or more of nickel, cobalt and manganese, theion-conducting material is selected from the group consisting of:BaLi(B₃O₅)₃; Cs₂LiCrF₆; Cs₂LiLuCl₆; CsLiBeF₄; KLiDyF₅; KLiErF₅; KLiGdF₅;KLiHoF₅; KLiLuF₅; KLiTbF₅; KLiTmF₅; KLiYF₅; Li₂BF₅; Li₂CaHfF₈; Li₂SiF₆;Li₂ZrF₆; Li₂Ta₂(OF₂)₃; Li₃AlF₆; Li₃ScF₆; Li₃YF₆; Li₃ThF₇; Li₄ZrF₈;Li₆ZrBeF₁₂; LiB₆O₉F; LiBF₄; LiLuF₄; LiScF₄; LiYF₄; LiThF₅; LiTaF₆;LiZr₅TlF₂₂; Na₃Li₃Al₂F₁₂; NaLi₂AlF₆; NaLiBeF₄; Rb₂LiAsO₄; RbLi₂Be₂F₇;and RbLiF₂. The higher value of the highest electrochemical stabilityassists to counter the effects on nickel at higher voltages.

In another aspect, when the cathode active material layer comprises atransition metal oxide, and in particular a transition metal oxidecomprising one or more of nickel, cobalt and manganese, or consisting ofone or more of nickel, cobalt and manganese, the ion-conducting materialhas a halogen component and is selected from the group consisting of:Cs₂LiCrF₆; Cs₂LiLuCl₆; CsLiBeF₄; KLiDyF₅; KLiErF₅; KLiGdF₅; KLiHoF₅;KLiLuF₅; KLiTbF₅; KLiTmF₅; KLiYF₅; Li₂BF₅; Li₂CaHfF₈; Li₂SiF₆; Li₂ZrF₆;Li₂Ta₂(OF₂)₃; Li₃AlF₆; Li₃ScF₆; Li₃YF₆; Li₃ThF₇; Li₄ZrF₈; Li₆ZrBeF₁₂;LiB₆O₉F; LiBF₄; LiLuF₄; LiScF₄; LiYF₄; LiThF₅; LiTaF₆; LiZr₅TlF₂₂;Na₃Li₃Al₂F₁₂; NaLi₂AlF₆; NaLiBeF₄; RbLi₂Be₂F₇; and RbLiF₂.

TABLE 1 Lowest Highest Estimated Electrochemical ElectrochemicalMaterial Barrier Stability Stability BaLi(B₃O₅)₃ 0.268 1.269 4.813Cs₂LiCl₃ 0.105 0.000 4.265 Cs₂LiCrF₆ 0.360 1.882 4.822 Cs₂LiDyCl₆ 0.8490.510 4.289 Cs₂LiErCl₆ 0.890 0.413 4.585 Cs₂LiGdCl₆ 0.802 0.439 4.577Cs₂LiLuCl₆ 0.903 0.418 4.803 Cs₂LiNdCl₆ 0.938 0.592 4.273 Cs₂LiPrCl₆0.829 0.452 4.255 Cs₂LiScCl₆ 0.379 0.617 4.365 Cs₂LiSmCl₆ 0.958 0.4514.487 Cs₂LiTbCl₆ 0.748 0.414 4.579 Cs₂LiTmCl₆ 0.971 0.408 4.272Cs₂LiYCl₆ 0.892 0.420 4.587 Cs₃Li₂Cl₅ 0.189 0.000 4.265 Cs₃LiCl₄ 0.1480.000 4.265 CsLi(B₃O₅)₂ 0.649 1.092 4.690 CsLi₂Cl₃ 0.254 0.000 4.265CsLi₃Cl₄ 0.455 0.000 4.255 CsLiBeF₄ 0.705 0.741 6.482 CsLiCl₂ 0.2300.000 4.265 CsLiSO₄ 0.923 1.543 4.789 K₁₀LiZr₆H₄O₂F₃₅ 0.818 1.957 4.657K₂LiCeCl₆ 0.424 0.582 4.255 K₂LiDyCl₆ 0.991 0.552 4.255 K₂LiGdCl₆ 0.4610.510 4.255 K₂LiLaCl₆ 0.390 0.356 4.255 K₂LiPrCl₆ 0.401 0.486 4.255K₂LiTbCl₆ 0.489 0.494 4.255 KLiDyF₅ 0.433 0.287 6.150 KLiErF₅ 0.3570.279 6.131 KLiGdF₅ 0.363 0.388 6.155 KLiHoF₅ 0.356 0.282 6.151 KLiLuF₅0.361 0.274 6.139 KLiPH₂O₄F 0.661 1.942 4.458 KLiTbF₅ 0.365 0.291 6.156KLiTmF₅ 0.337 0.259 6.183 KLiYF₅ 0.368 0.325 6.114 Li₁₀Mg₇Cl₂₄ 0.3790.882 4.255 Li₂B₃O₄F₃ 0.120 1.877 4.461 Li₂B₆O₉F₂ 0.627 1.860 4.329Li₂BeCl₄ 0.722 1.521 4.255 Li₂BF₅ 0.528 1.938 6.362 Li₂CaHfF₈ 0.4501.013 6.683 Li₂H₂SO₅ 0.885 1.932 4.415 Li₂MgCl₄ 0.341 0.882 4.255Li₂SiF₆ 0.464 1.835 6.678 Li2SO4 0.251 1.574 4.667 Li₂Ta₂(OF₂)₃ 0.3331.700 4.882 Li₂ZnCl₄ 0.456 1.948 4.255 Li₂ZrF₆ 0.507 1.240 6.557 Li₃A1F₆0.175 1.058 6.478 Li₃ErCl₆ 0.664 0.714 4.257 Li₃PO₄ 0.376 0.689 4.210Li₃Sc₂(PO₄)₃ 0.547 1.862 4.206 Li₃ScCl₆ 0.037 0.907 4.255 Li₃ScF₆ 0.1610.603 6.361 Li₃ThF₇ 0.338 0.697 6.361 Li₃YF₆ 0.215 0.364 6.361Li₄Be₃P₃BrO₁₂ 0.418 1.707 4.405 Li₄Be₃P₃ClO₁₂ 0.347 1.717 4.473 Li₄ZrF₈0.427 1.209 6.377 Li₆ZrBeF₁₂ 0.440 1.209 6.377 Li₉Mg₃P₄O₁₆F₃ 0.215 1.5444.210 LiAlCl₄ 0.390 1.590 4.453 LiB₆O₉F 0.293 1.933 4.805 LiBF₄ 0.1231.938 7.108 LiGdCl₄ 0.529 0.746 4.255 LiLuF₄ 0.692 0.289 6.687 LiScF₄0.771 0.603 6.362 LiTaF₆ 0.719 1.874 7.224 LiThF₅ 0.073 0.697 6.408LiYF₄ 0.594 0.364 6.558 LiZr₅T₁F₂₂ 0.823 1.947 4.868 Na₃Li₃Al₂F₁₂ 0.1980.939 6.567 NaLi₂AlF₆ 0.059 1.058 6.478 NaLiBeF₄ 0.402 0.886 6.480NaLiMgPO₄F 0.417 1.507 4.229 Rb₂LiAsO₄ 0.345 1.259 6.571 Rb₂LiCeCl₆0.976 0.552 4.255 Rb₂LiDyCl₆ 0.934 0.571 4.255 Rb₂LiErCl₆ 0.976 0.4684.316 Rb₂LiGdCl₆ 0.885 0.484 4.255 Rb₂LiLaCl₆ 0.910 0.320 4.255Rb₂LiLuCl₆ 0.991 0.469 4.748 Rb₂LiPrCl₆ 0.904 0.453 4.255 Rb₂LiScCl₆0.993 0.686 4.628 Rb₂LiTbCl₆ 0.826 0.562 4.255 Rb₂LiYCl₆ 0.978 0.5904.255 RbLi₂Be₂F₇ 0.433 0.841 6.106 RbLiCl₂ 0.703 0.000 4.255 RbLiF₂0.351 0.620 5.604 SrLi(B₃O₅)₃ 0.321 1.559 4.531

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used havethe same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in theart to which the claimed subject matter belongs. The terminology used inthis description is for describing particular embodiments only and isnot intended to be limiting. As used in the specification and appendedclaims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to includethe plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise.

While the disclosure has been described in connection with certainembodiments, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not to belimited to the disclosed embodiments but, on the contrary, is intendedto cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements includedwithin the scope of the appended claims, which scope is to be accordedthe broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modificationsand equivalent structures as is permitted under the law.

What is claimed is:
 1. A lithium battery, comprising: an anodecomprising lithium; an electrolyte; and a cathode comprising cathodeactive material, the cathode active material comprising particles of atransition metal oxide, each particle coated in an ion-conductingmaterial that has an electrochemical stability window against lithium ofat least 2.2 V, a lowest electrochemical stability being less than 2.0 Vand a highest electrochemical stability being greater than 4.2 V, theion-conducting material selected from the group consisting of: Cs₂LiCl₃;Cs₂LiCrF₆; Cs₂LiDyCl₆; Cs₂LiErCl₆; Cs₂LiGdCl₆; Cs₂LiLuCl₆; Cs₂LiNdCl₆;Cs₂LiPrCl₆; Cs₂LiScCl₆; Cs₂LiSmCl₆; Cs₂LiTbCl₆; Cs₂LiTmCl₆; Cs₂LiYCl₆;Cs₃Li₂Cl₅; Cs₃LiCl₄; CsLi₂Cl₃; CsLi₃Cl₄; CsLiBeF₄; CsLiCl₂;K₁₀LiZr₆H₄O₂F₃₅; K₂LiCeCl₆; K₂LiDyCl₆; K₂LiGdCl₆; K₂LiLaCl₆; K₂LiPrCl₆;K₂LiTbCl₆; KLiDyF₅; KLiErF₅; KLiGdF₅; KLiHoF₅; KLiLuF₅; KLiPH₂O₄F;KLiTbF₅; KLiTmF₅; KLiYF₅; Li₁₀Mg₇Cl₂₄; Li₂B₃O₄F₃; Li₂B₆O₉F₂; Li₂BeCl₄;Li₂BF₅; Li₂CaHfF₈; Li₂MgCl₄; Li₂SiF₆; Li₂Ta₂(OF₂)₃; Li₂ZnCl₄; Li₂ZrF₆;Li₃AlF₆; Li₃ErCl₆; Li₃ScCl₆; Li₃ScF₆; Li₃ThF₇; Li₃YF₆; Li₄Be₃P₃BrO₁₂;Li₄Be₃P₃ClO₁₂; Li₄ZrF₈; Li₆ZrBeF₁₂; Li₉Mg₃P₄O₁₆F₃; LiAlCl₄; LiB₆O₉F;LiBF₄; LiGdCl₄; LiLuF₄; LiScF₄; LiTaF₆; LiThF₅; LiYF₄; LiZr₅T₁F₂₂;Na₃Li₃Al₂F₁₂; NaLi₂AlF₆; NaLiBeF₄; NaLiMgPO₄F; Rb₂LiCeCl₆; Rb₂LiDyCl₆;Rb₂LiErCl₆; Rb₂LiGdCl₆; Rb₂LiLaCl₆; Rb₂LiLuCl₆; Rb₂LiPrCl₆; Rb₂LiScCl₆;Rb₂LiTbCl₆; Rb₂LiYCl₆; RbLi₂Be₂F₇; RbLiCl₂; and RbLiF₂.
 2. The lithiumbattery of claim 1, wherein the lithium battery is an all-solid-statebattery and the electrolyte is a solid electrolyte.
 3. The lithiumbattery of claim 1, wherein the transition metal oxide comprises one ormore of nickel, cobalt and manganese.
 4. The lithium battery of claim 1,wherein the electrochemical stability window against lithium of theion-conducting material is at least 2.8 V and the highestelectrochemical stability is greater than 4.8 V, the ion-conductingmaterial selected from the group consisting of: Cs₂LiCrF₆; Cs₂LiLuCl₆;CsLiBeF₄; KLiDyF₅; KLiErF₅; KLiGdF₅; KLiHoF₅; KLiLuF₅; KLiTbF₅; KLiTmF₅;KLiYF₅; Li₂BF₅; Li₂CaHfF₈; Li₂SiF₆; Li₂ZrF₆; Li₂Ta₂(OF₂)₃; Li₃AlF₆;Li₃ScF₆; Li₃YF₆; Li₃ThF₇; Li₄ZrF₈; Li₆ZrBeF₁₂; LiB₆O₉F; LiBF₄; LiLuF₄;LiScF₄; LiYF₄; LiThF₅; LiTaF₆; LiZr₅TlF₂₂; Na₃Li₃Al₂F₁₂; NaLi₂AlF₆;NaLiBeF₄; RbLi₂Be2F₇; and RbLiF₂.
 5. The lithium battery of claim 4,wherein the lithium battery is an all-solid-state battery and theelectrolyte is a solid electrolyte.
 6. The lithium battery of claim 4,wherein the transition metal oxide comprises one or more of nickel,cobalt and manganese.
 7. An all-solid-state battery, comprising: alithium-metal based anode; a solid electrolyte; and a cathode comprisinga transition metal oxide active material coated in an ion-conductingmaterial that has an electrochemical stability window against lithium ofat least 2.2 V, a lowest electrochemical stability being less than 2.0 Vand a highest electrochemical stability being greater than 4.2 V, theion-conducting material selected from the group consisting of: Cs₂LiCl₃;Cs₂LiCrF₆; Cs₂LiDyCl₆; Cs₂LiErCl₆; Cs₂LiGdCl₆; Cs₂LiLuCl₆; Cs₂LiNdCl₆;Cs₂LiPrCl₆; Cs₂LiScCl₆; Cs₂LiSmCl₆; Cs₂LiTbCl₆; Cs₂LiTmCl₆; Cs₂LiYCl₆;Cs₃Li₂Cl₅; Cs₃LiCl₄; CsLi₂Cl₃; CsLi₃Cl₄; CsLiBeF₄; CsLiCl₂;K₁₀LiZr₆H₄O₂F₃₅; K₂LiCeCl₆; K₂LiDyCl₆; K₂LiGdCl₆; K₂LiLaCl₆; K₂LiPrCl₆;K₂LiTbCl₆; KLiDyF₅; KLiErF₅; KLiGdF₅; KLiHoF₅; KLiLuF₅; KLiPH₂O₄F;KLiTbF₅; KLiTmF₅; KLiYF₅; Li₁₀Mg₇Cl₂₄; Li₂B₃O₄F₃; Li₂B₆O₉F₂; Li₂BeCl₄;Li₂BF₅; Li₂CaHfF₈; Li₂MgCl₄; Li₂SiF₆; Li₂Ta₂(OF₂)₃; Li₂ZnCl₄; Li₂ZrF₆;Li₃AlF₆; Li₃ErCl₆; Li₃ScCl₆; Li₃ScF₆; Li₃ThF₇; Li₃YF₆; Li₄Be₃P₃BrO₁₂;Li₄Be₃P₃ClO₁₂; Li₄ZrF₈; Li₆ZrBeF₁₂; Li₉Mg₃P₄O₁₆F₃; LiAlCl₄; LiB₆O₉F;LiBF₄; LiGdCl₄; LiLuF₄; LiScF₄; LiTaF₆; LiThF₅; LiYF₄; LiZr₅T₁F₂₂;Na₃Li₃Al₂F₁₂; NaLi₂AlF₆; NaLiBeF₄; NaLiMgPO₄F; Rb₂LiCeCl₆; Rb₂LiDyCl₆;Rb₂LiErCl₆; Rb₂LiGdCl₆; Rb₂LiLaCl₆; Rb₂LiLuCl₆; Rb₂LiPrCl₆; Rb₂LiScCl₆;Rb₂LiTbCl₆; Rb₂LiYCl₆; RbLi₂Be₂F₇; RbLiCl₂; and RbLiF₂.
 8. Theall-solid-state battery of claim 7, wherein the transition metal oxideactive material comprises one or more of nickel, cobalt and manganese.9. The all-solid-state battery of claim 7, wherein the electrochemicalstability window of the ion-conducting material is at least 2.8 V andthe highest electrochemical stability is greater than 4.8 V, theion-conducting material selected from the group consisting of:Cs₂LiCrF₆; Cs₂LiLuCl₆; CsLiBeF₄; KLiDyF₅; KLiErF₅; KLiGdF₅; KLiHoF₅;KLiLuF₅; KLiTbF₅; KLiTmF₅; KLiYF₅; Li₂BF₅; Li₂CaHfF₈; Li₂SiF₆; Li₂ZrF₆;Li₂Ta₂(OF₂)₃; Li₃AlF₆; Li₃ScF₆; Li₃YF₆; Li₃ThF₇; Li₄ZrF₈; Li₆ZrBeF₁₂;LiB₆O₉F; LiBF₄; LiLuF₄; LiScF₄; LiYF₄; LiThF₅; LiTaF₆; LiZr₅TlF₂₂;Na₃Li₃Al₂F₁₂; NaLi₂AlF₆; NaLiBeF₄; RbLi₂Be₂F₇; and RbLiF₂.
 10. Theall-solid-state battery of claim 9, wherein the transition metal oxideactive material comprises one or more of nickel, cobalt and manganese.11. A cathode for a lithium battery, comprising: active cathode materialparticles; and a coating on the active cathode material particles,wherein the coating comprises an ion-conducting material, theion-conducting material having an electrochemical stability windowagainst lithium of at least 2.2 V, a lowest electrochemical stabilitybeing less than 2.0 V and a highest electrochemical stability beinggreater than 4.2 V, the ion-conducting material comprising one or moreof: Cs₂LiCl₃; Cs₂LiCrF₆; Cs₂LiDyCl₆; Cs₂LiErCl₆; Cs₂LiGdCl₆; Cs₂LiLuCl₆;Cs₂LiNdCl₆; Cs₂LiPrCl₆; Cs₂LiScCl₆; Cs₂LiSmCl₆; Cs₂LiTbCl₆; Cs₂LiTmCl₆;Cs₂LiYCl₆; Cs₃Li₂Cl₅; Cs₃LiCl₄; CsLi₂Cl₃; CsLi₃Cl₄; CsLiBeF₄; CsLiCl₂;K₁₀LiZr₆H₄O₂F₃₅; K₂LiCeCl₆; K₂LiDyCl₆; K₂LiGdCl₆; K₂LiLaCl₆; K₂LiPrCl₆;K₂LiTbCl₆; KLiDyF₅; KLiErF₅; KLiGdF₅; KLiHoF₅; KLiLuF₅; KLiPH₂O₄F;KLiTbF₅; KLiTmF₅; KLiYF₅; Li₁₀Mg₇Cl₂₄; Li₂B₃O₄F₃; Li₂B₆O₉F₂; Li₂BeCl₄;Li₂BF₅; Li₂CaHfF₈; Li₂MgCl₄; Li₂SiF₆; Li₂Ta₂(OF₂)₃; Li₂ZnCl₄; Li₂ZrF₆;Li₃AlF₆; Li₃ErCl₆; Li₃ScCl₆; Li₃ScF₆; Li₃ThF₇; Li₃YF₆; Li₄Be₃P₃BrO₁₂;Li₄Be₃P₃ClO₁₂; Li₄ZrF₈; Li₆ZrBeF₁₂; Li₉Mg₃P₄O₁₆F₃; LiAlCl₄; LiB₆O₉F;LiBF₄; LiGdCl₄; LiLuF₄; LiScF₄; LiTaF₆; LiThF₅; LiYF₄; LiZr₅T₁F₂₂;Na₃Li₃Al₂F₁₂; NaLi₂AlF₆; NaLiBeF₄; NaLiMgPO₄F; Rb₂LiCeCl₆; Rb₂LiDyCl₆;Rb₂LiErCl₆; Rb₂LiGdCl₆; Rb₂LiLaCl₆; Rb₂LiLuCl₆; Rb₂LiPrCl₆; Rb₂LiScCl₆,Rb₂LiTbCl₆; Rb₂LiYCl₆; RbLi₂Be₂F₇; RbLiCl₂; and RbLiF₂.
 12. The cathodefor the lithium battery of claim 11, wherein the active cathode materialparticles comprise a transition metal oxide.
 13. The cathode for thelithium battery of claim 12, wherein the transition metal oxidecomprises one or more of nickel, cobalt and manganese.
 14. The cathodefor the lithium battery of claim 11, wherein the electrochemicalstability window against lithium of the ion-conducting material is atleast 2.8 V and the highest electrochemical stability is greater than4.8 V, the ion-conducting material comprising one or more of Cs₂LiCrF₆;Cs₂LiLuCl₆; CsLiBeF₄; KLiDyF₅; KLiErF₅; KLiGdF₅; KLiHoF₅; KLiLuF₅;KLiTbF₅; KLiTmF₅; KLiYF₅; Li₂BF₅; Li₂CaHfF₈; Li₂SiF₆; Li₂ZrF₆;Li₂Ta₂(OF₂)₃; Li₃AlF₆; Li₃ScF₆; Li₃YF₆; Li₃ThF₇; Li₄ZrF₈; Li₆ZrBeF₁₂;LiB₆O₉F; LiBF₄; LiLuF₄; LiScF₄; LiYF₄; LiThF₅; LiTaF₆; LiZr₅TlF₂₂;Na₃Li₃Al₂F₁₂; NaLi₂AlF₆; NaLiBeF₄; RbLi₂Be2F₇; and RbLiF₂.
 15. Thecathode for the lithium battery of claim 14, wherein the active cathodematerial particles comprise a transition metal oxide.
 16. The cathodefor the lithium battery of claim 15, wherein the transition metal oxidecomprises one or more of nickel, cobalt and manganese.